Challenges in Research, Deployment, and Regulatory Frameworks

While renewable energy technologies promise environmental and economic benefits, they also pose several challenges that must be addressed through research, policy, and design. Intermittency in supply (e.g. wind speed variation, solar irradiance fluctuations) demands robust storage solutions and adaptive grids. Material costs, lifecycle sustainability, and manufacturing scalability must be optimized. Regulatory frameworks and standards (for safety, efficiency, emissions) vary greatly across jurisdictions, affecting patentability, market entry, and deployment. Aligning innovation with public policy—through incentives, subsidies, or carbon pricing—can accelerate adoption, but requires careful balance to ensure long-term viability and fairness.